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Cell Preparation Here’s an image of the cells prepared for calculating r using Excel. I hypothesized that we want to calculate the r using two variables (X and Y) as shown below: X: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Y: 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and … Read more
Cell Preparation Here’s an image of the cells prepared for calculating Z scores. I hypothesized that we want to calculate the Z scores of a variable X that has the following scores: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. First, vertically list the numbers of the variable (X) based on which … Read more
This posting explains how to conduct Chi-square test of goodness of fit using Excel and SPSS. If you want a detailed explanation about the test itself, then, click this link Chi-square test of goodness of fit. Chi-Square formula and brief overview Here’s the formula for the Chi-Square (χ2): Here’s a simpler version: \[\chi^2 = \sum\frac{(O … Read more
A nice link between the Descriptive Statistics (Frequency Table) and the Inferential Statistics (Chi-Square Test of Goodness of Fit) One of the concepts discussed early in the Introductory Statistics course is the Frequency Table, which describes the sample’s frequency (descriptive statistics). An inferential-statistics method that can be applied to such a frequency table is Chi-Square … Read more
Method 1: Using “Countif” in Excel Note, this is a tedious method and therefore you would want to move on to the next methods that are more efficient. However, using Countif is a straightforward method and therefore useful for discussing the frequency table. Countif counts the number of cells that meet a certain criterion (e.g., … Read more
You can create a (grouped) frequency table using the Histogram function of Analysis ToolPak. However, one downside of this method is that you need to manually decide the bins. For example, you need to manually list all the possible values for a regular frequency table or manually enter the upper limits of the bins (grouped … Read more
Examples of Frequency Table, Bar Graph, Grouped Frequency Table Here’s an example of a frequency table that shows the frequency of a variable. The variable was my happiness scores measured out of a 1-10 scale from the past 10 days. PossibleHappinessScores Days 1 1 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 2 6 0 7 … Read more